Oxides

109 pages

• Ag2O (Silver Oxide)Ag2O (Silver Oxide) Notes Silver oxide is not commonly used in ceramics . However there are special cases. It has been investigated as an opacifier (or opacity modifier, a flux and for anti-bacterial effects on functional surfaces. Got a…
• Al2O3 (Aluminum Oxide, Alumina)Al 2 O 3 (Aluminum Oxide, Alumina) Data Co-efficient of Linear Expansion 0.063 Notes In ceramics , Al 2 O 3 comes up when technicians talk about glaze chemistry . It is an oxide mostly contributed by clays, feldspars and frits . As glazes…
• AlF3AlF3 Got a Question? https://digitalfire.com
• As2O3 (Arsenic Oxide)As2O 3 (Arsenic Oxide) Notes Because of its oxidizing effect, it can be used as a fining agent to clarify iron containing glass. It will also fade the color of manganese, stabilize other colors (i.e. light green) and reduce the yellow…
• As4O6As4O6 Data Frit Softening Point Sublimates 193C (From The Oxide Handbook) Got a Question? https://digitalfire.com
• Au2O3 (Gold Oxide)Au2O 3 (Gold Oxide) Data Frit Softening Point Decomposes 160C (From The Oxide Handbook) Got a Question? https://digitalfire.com
• B2O3 (Boric Oxide)B 2 O 3 (Boric Oxide) Data Co-efficient of Linear Expansion 0.031 Notes -B 2 O 3 is a low melting glass of low thermal expansion and surface tension . It is an extremely useful oxide, indispensable in many industries and applications. Na 2…
• BaF2BaF2 Got a Question? https://digitalfire.com
• BaO (Barium Oxide, Baria)BaO (Barium Oxide, Baria) Data Co-efficient of Linear Expansion 0.129 Frit Softening Point 1923C Notes -Together with CaO , SrO , and MgO it is considered one of the alkaline earth GROUP of oxides . It has a cubic crystal structure and is…
• BeO (Beryllium Oxide)BeO (Beryllium Oxide) Data Frit Softening Point 2650C Notes -Like CaO and MgO , beryllium oxide has the amazing property of being a refractory by itself and a flux in combination with other oxides (its melting point alone is likely higher…
• Bi2O3 (Bismuth Oxide)Bi2O 3 (Bismuth Oxide) Data Frit Softening Point 817C (From The Oxide Handbook) Notes -Bismuth makes it possible to push the melting temperature of boron frits down by many hundreds of degrees. Using sufficient Bi2O 3 , it is possible to…
• C (Carbon)C (Carbon) Notes -C can be entered into an analysis to signify that LOI in a material is carbonaceous matter that burns away during firing. Since it is lost during firing, a weight of zero should be used during calculations so there is no…
• CaF2CaF2 Got a Question? https://digitalfire.com
• CaO (Calcium Oxide, Calcia)CaO (Calcium Oxide, Calcia) Data Co-efficient of Linear Expansion 0.148 Frit Softening Point 2910C (From The Oxide Handbook We also have a figure of 2572?) Notes CaO is not found pure in nature but rather is contained in various abundant…
• CdO (Cadmium Oxide)CdO (Cadmium Oxide) Data Frit Softening Point > 1500C (From The Oxide Handbook) Notes -Cadmium oxide by itself does not produce color in a glaze, but when used in combination with selenium it gives red. In combination with sulfur it…
• CeO2 (Cerium Oxide)CeO2 (Cerium Oxide) Data Frit Softening Point 2600C (From The Oxide Handbook) Notes -Used in glass and optics for UV protection properties -A powerful flux . -It does react with other elements (i.e. Ti) to make colors (i.e. Ce-Ti yellow).…
• Ceramic OxidesDigitalfire will shut down on June 26. I no longer have the authority to grant exemption to a section in the Terms and Conditions of using material in the Insight-Live account from which I built the source material. While there are ways to…
• Cl (Chlorine Gas)Cl (Chlorine Gas) Got a Question? https://digitalfire.com
• CO (Carbon Monoxide)CO (Carbon Monoxide) Links Hazards Carbon Monoxide Toxicity Although not a material used in ceramics and pottery, every technician and potter firing fuel kilns needs to know about the hazards are this. Got a Question?…
• CO2 (Carbon Dioxide)CO2 (Carbon Dioxide) Notes -CO2 refers to the carbon in a material that burns away during firing. It can be used in an analysis to make clear the nature of LOI components. Since it is lost during firing, a weight of zero should be used in…
• CoO (Cobalt Oxide)CoO (Cobalt Oxide) Data Frit Softening Point 1810C (From The Oxide Handbook) Notes -Cobalt is the most powerful and stable colorant used in glass, glaze, enamel, and even paint. As little as 2 PPM can produce a recognizable tint, thus…
• Cr2O3 (Chrome Oxide)Cr 2 O 3 (Chrome Oxide) Data Frit Softening Point 2257-2427C (From The Oxide Handbook) Notes -Amphoteric chrome oxide is the only stable oxide of chromium metal and can be used at all temperatures to 1200C. This leaves a margin before it…
• CrO3 (Chromium Trioxide)CrO 3 (Chromium Trioxide) Ceramic Oxide Periodic Table Pretty well all common traditional ceramic base glazes are made from less than a dozen elements (plus oxygen). Go to the full picture of this table and click or tap each of the oxides…
• Cs2OCs2O Data Frit Softening Point 490C (From The Oxide Handbook) Got a Question? https://digitalfire.com
• Cu2O (Cuprous Oxide)Cu 2 O (Cuprous Oxide) Notes -Reduction firing reduces normal CuO copper oxide to Cu 2 O to produce bright red coloration in the reaction: 2CuO + CO -> Cu 2 O + CO2 -Bright red reduction fired colors are usually achieved with very small…
• CuCO3 (Copper Carbonate)CuCO 3 (Copper Carbonate) Got a Question? https://digitalfire.com
• CuO (Cupric Oxide)CuO (Cupric Oxide) Data Frit Softening Point 1336C (From The Oxide Handbook) Notes -Copper can be produced from many different raw materials, the main being black tenorite ( CuO ), deep red cuprite ( Cu 2 O ), bright green malachite (CuCO…
• Dy2O3Dy2O 3 Data Frit Softening Point 2385C (From The Oxide Handbook) Got a Question? https://digitalfire.com
• Er2O3 (Erbium Oxide)Er2O 3 (Erbium Oxide) Data Frit Softening Point 2400C (From The Oxide Handbook) Got a Question? https://digitalfire.com
• Eu2O3 (Europium Oxide)Eu2O 3 (Europium Oxide) Data Frit Softening Point 2050C (From The Oxide Handbook) Notes Very expensive, $600/lb. Does not give any visible color but does produce an orange/red fluorescent effect under UV. Got a Question?…
• F (Fluorine)F (Fluorine) Notes Fluorine is used in super low melting frits . In combination with Li 2 O and small amounts of Bi2O 3 , boron frits containing fluorine can melt as low as 1100F (600C). Generally, F is considered to exist in its elemental…
• Fe2O3 (Iron Oxide, Ferric Oxide)Fe 2 O 3 (Iron Oxide, Ferric Oxide) Data Co-efficient of Linear Expansion 0.125 Frit Softening Point 1350C (From The Oxide Handbook) Notes Ferrosic Oxide (Sources: Iron Oxide , Stained Clays, many others) -Iron compounds are the most…
• FeO (Ferrous Oxide)FeO (Ferrous Oxide) Notes -Fe 2 O 3 is easy to reduce to the FeO state with a light reduction firing as follows: Fe 2 O 3 + CO -> 2FeO + CO2 -Some suppliers quote iron in its reduced form as part of a materials formula. -In clays and…
• Fr2OFr2O Got a Question? https://digitalfire.com
• Free SiO2Free SiO 2 Data Co-efficient of Linear Expansion 0.035 Got a Question? https://digitalfire.com
• Ga2O3Ga2O 3 Got a Question? https://digitalfire.com
• GdO3GdO 3 Data Frit Softening Point 2322C (From The Oxide Handbook) Got a Question? https://digitalfire.com
• GeO2GeO2 Got a Question? https://digitalfire.com
• H2O (Water)H 2 O (Water) Notes (Sources: clays, hydrated minerals) -Some suppliers will quote moisture or water in a material's analysis. Many materials are hydrated. An example is calcium sulfate. When it is heated past a certain point, the…
• HfO2HfO2 Data Frit Softening Point 2780 (From The Oxide Handbook) Got a Question? https://digitalfire.com
• HgOHgO Data Frit Softening Point Decomposes 400C (From The Oxide Handbook) Got a Question? https://digitalfire.com
• Ho2O3Ho2O 3 Data Frit Softening Point 2395C (From The Oxide Handbook) Got a Question? https://digitalfire.com
• In2O3 (Indium Oxide)In2O 3 (Indium Oxide) Data Frit Softening Point 2000C (From The Oxide Handbook) Notes -An n-type semiconductor used as a resistive element in integrated circuits. -Used in certain stain formulations. Got a Question? https://digitalfire.com
• IrO2IrO2 Data Frit Softening Point dec 1100C (From The Oxide Handbook) Got a Question? https://digitalfire.com
• K2O (Potassium Oxide)K 2 O (Potassium Oxide) Data Co-efficient of Linear Expansion 0.331 Frit Softening Point 707C (From The Oxide Handbook) Notes -Together with sodium and lithium oxides , it is classified as one of the Alkaline group. Colored glazes whose…
• KF (Potassium Fluoride)KF (Potassium Fluoride) Got a Question? https://digitalfire.com
• KNaO (Potassium/Sodium Oxides)KNaO (Potassium/Sodium Oxides) Data Co-efficient of Linear Expansion 0.359 Notes KNaO is a pseudo-alkali oxide used in glaze formulas. It represents the combined total of K 2 O and Na 2 O . This KNaO designation is made possible because K…
• La2O3La2O 3 Data Frit Softening Point 2217C (From The Oxide Handbook) Got a Question? https://digitalfire.com
• Li2O (Lithium Oxide, Lithia)Li 2 O (Lithium Oxide, Lithia) Data Co-efficient of Linear Expansion 0.068 Frit Softening Point 723C Notes -Together with sodium and potassium oxides , it is classified as one of the Alkali group. -The lithium molecule is the lightest and…
• LOI (Loss on Ignition)LOI (Loss on Ignition) Notes -The LOI summarizes the oxides within a raw material that burn away as "products of decomposition " during firing. Some material producers separate the different components of weight lost during firing as H 2 O…
• Lu2O3Lu2O 3 Data Frit Softening Point 2470C Got a Question? https://digitalfire.com
• MgO (Magnesium Oxide, Magnesia)MgO (Magnesium Oxide, Magnesia) Data Co-efficient of Linear Expansion 0.026 Frit Softening Point 2800C (From The Oxide Handbook) Notes -Together with SrO , BaO , and CaO , it is one of the Alkaline Earth group of oxides . It has a cubic…
• Mn2O3Mn2O 3 Data Frit Softening Point 1347C (From The Oxide Handbook) Got a Question? https://digitalfire.com
• MnO (Manganous Oxide)MnO (Manganous Oxide) Data Co-efficient of Linear Expansion 0.050 Notes -Manganese monoxide exists only above 1080C where the dioxide form disassociates to release its oxygen. -Manganese is a colorant using in bodies and glazes, producing…
• MnO2 (Manganese Dioxide)MnO2 (Manganese Dioxide) Data Co-efficient of Linear Expansion 0.050 Notes -Manganese dioxide exists only below 1080C, above which the dioxide form disassociates to release its oxygen (see MnO for more information). -Manganese is a…
• MoO3 (Molybdic Oxide)MoO 3 (Molybdic Oxide) Data Co-efficient of Linear Expansion 0.094 Frit Softening Point 801C (From The Oxide Handbook) Notes Molybdic Disulfide, Trioxide -In glazes, glasses, and bodies, small amounts (-0.2%) act as a wetting agent during…
• N2O5N2O5 Got a Question? https://digitalfire.com
• Na2O (Sodium Oxide, Soda)Na 2 O (Sodium Oxide, Soda) Data Co-efficient of Linear Expansion 0.387 Frit Softening Point 920C (From The Oxide Handbook. We also have a figure of 800C?) Notes -Sodium is a slightly more powerful glaze flux than potassium, but otherwise…
• NaFNaF Got a Question? https://digitalfire.com
• Nb2O5Nb2O5 Data Frit Softening Point 1490C (From The Oxide Handbook) Got a Question? https://digitalfire.com
• Nd2O3Nd2O 3 Data Frit Softening Point 2220C Got a Question? https://digitalfire.com
• Ni2O3Ni2O 3 Got a Question? https://digitalfire.com
• NiO (Nickel Oxide)NiO (Nickel Oxide) Data Frit Softening Point 1957C (From The Oxide Handbook) Notes Most often used to modify and soften the color of other metallic oxides and thus small amounts are normally employed. It is not normally used in low fire…
• O (Oxygen)O (Oxygen) Notes Excess oxygen is given off during firing of some materials i.e. Black Cobalt Oxide . Got a Question? https://digitalfire.com
• OrganicsOrganics Links Tests Carbon content Got a Question? https://digitalfire.com
• OsO2OsO2 Data Frit Softening Point dec 650C (From The Oxide Handbook) Got a Question? https://digitalfire.com
• P2O5 (Phosphorus Pentoxide)P 2 O 5 (Phosphorus Pentoxide) Data Frit Softening Point Sublimates at 300C (From The Oxide Handbook) Notes -Phosphorus along with calcium is an essential element in plant and animal growth, thus its principal source is organic ash (i.e.…
• Pa2O5Pa2O5 Data Frit Softening Point 1777C (From The Oxide Handbook) Got a Question? https://digitalfire.com
• PbF2PbF2 Got a Question? https://digitalfire.com
• PbO (Lead Oxide)PbO (Lead Oxide) Data Co-efficient of Linear Expansion 0.083 Frit Softening Point 866C (From The Oxide Handbook) Notes -Together with ZnO , PbO is considered one of the Metallic oxide fluxes. -Reacts easily with silica to form low melting…
• PdOPdO Data Frit Softening Point dec 877C (From The Oxide Handbook) Got a Question? https://digitalfire.com
• PmO3PmO 3 Data Frit Softening Point 2320C (From The Oxide Handbook) Got a Question? https://digitalfire.com
• PO4 (Phosphorus Oxide)PO 4 (Phosphorus Oxide) Notes Phosphates in this form are contained in bone ash and tricalcium phosphate type materials. Links Materials Bone Ash Got a Question? https://digitalfire.com
• Pr2O3Pr2O 3 Data Frit Softening Point 2130C (From The Oxide Handbook) Got a Question? https://digitalfire.com
• PrO2 (Praseodymium Oxide)PrO2 (Praseodymium Oxide) Notes -Used for lemon yellow stains in combination with zircon . These stains are not as powerful as antimony or vanadium but are flexible. -PrO2 can be used in reduction firing , even at high temperatures. -While…
• PtO2PtO2 Data Frit Softening Point dec 450C (From The Oxide Handbook) Got a Question? https://digitalfire.com
• RaORaO Data Frit Softening Point >2200C (From The Oxide Handbook) Got a Question? https://digitalfire.com
• Rb2ORb2O Data Frit Softening Point 657C (From The Oxide Handbook) Got a Question? https://digitalfire.com
• Re2O7Re2O7 Data Frit Softening Point 301C (From The Oxide Handbook) Got a Question? https://digitalfire.com
• RhO3RhO 3 Data Frit Softening Point 1115C (From The Oxide Handbook) Got a Question? https://digitalfire.com
• RuO2RuO2 Got a Question? https://digitalfire.com
• Sb2O3 (Antimony Oxide)Sb 2 O 3 (Antimony Oxide) Notes -Antimony oxide is used as an opacifier in low fire glazes and porcelain enamel (mainly leadless but it has been replaced to an extent by titania). Antimony is easily reducible; thus an oxidizing agent like…
• Sb2O5Sb 2 O5 Data Frit Softening Point 380C (From The Oxide Handbook) Got a Question? https://digitalfire.com
• Sc2O3Sc2O 3 Got a Question? https://digitalfire.com
• Se (Selenium)Se (Selenium) Notes -Semi-metallic element of the sulfur group. Its main value as a colorant depends on a reduction or mildly oxidizing atmosphere to maintain its metallic state. -With cobalt it is a good decolorizer for glass because it…
• SeO2 (Selenium Dioxide)SeO2 (Selenium Dioxide) Links Materials Selenium Dioxide Got a Question? https://digitalfire.com
• SiO2 (Silicon Dioxide, Silica)SiO 2 (Silicon Dioxide, Silica) Data Co-efficient of Linear Expansion 0.035 Frit Softening Point 1720C (From The Oxide Handbook) Notes In ceramics , SiO 2 comes up when technicians talk about glaze chemistry . It is an oxide contributed by…
• Sm2O3Sm2O 3 Data Frit Softening Point 2320C (From The Oxide Handbook) This picture has its own page with more detail, click here to see it. Emerald Stones Links Recipes G2926B - Cone 6 Whiteware/Porcelain transparent glaze A base transparent…
• SnO2 (Tin Oxide, Stannic Oxide)SnO2 (Tin Oxide, Stannic Oxide) Data Co-efficient of Linear Expansion 0.020 Frit Softening Point 1625C (From The Oxide Handbook) Notes More correctly called Tin Dioxide -The fully oxidized state of tin metal. It is a very white powder of…
• SO3 (Sulfur Trioxide)SO 3 (Sulfur Trioxide) Notes -SO 3 refers to the sulfur material that burns away during firing. It can be used in an analysis to make clear the nature of LOI components. Since it is lost during firing, a formula weight of zero should be…
• SO4 (Sulfate)SO 4 (Sulfate) Got a Question? https://digitalfire.com
• SrO (Strontium Oxide, Strontia)SrO (Strontium Oxide, Strontia) Data Co-efficient of Linear Expansion 0.130 Frit Softening Point 2430C (From The Oxide Handbook) Notes -Together with CaO , BaO , and MgO it is considered one the Alkaline Earth group of oxides . It has a…
• Ta2O5Ta2O5 Data Frit Softening Point 1882C (From The Oxide Handbook) Got a Question? https://digitalfire.com
• Tb2O3Tb2O 3 Data Frit Softening Point 2292C (From The Oxide Handbook) Got a Question? https://digitalfire.com
• Tc2O7Tc2O7 Got a Question? https://digitalfire.com
• ThO2ThO2 Data Frit Softening Point 3050C (From The Oxide Handbook) Got a Question? https://digitalfire.com
• TiO2 (Titanium Dioxide, Titania)TiO2 (Titanium Dioxide, Titania) Data Co-efficient of Linear Expansion 0.144 Frit Softening Point 1870C Notes -Titania by itself is quite refractory . But when other oxides are present in the melt TiO2 becomes much more complex: because it…
• Tl2OTl2O Got a Question? https://digitalfire.com
• Tm2O3Tm2O 3 Data Frit Softening Point 2346C (From The Oxide Handbook) Got a Question? https://digitalfire.com
• Trace (Trace Elements)Trace (Trace Elements) Notes Use this item to group trace elements together in an analysis. It should be defined with a weight of zero to ignore them in any formula calculations. Got a Question? https://digitalfire.com
• U3O8 (Uranium Oxide)U3O8 (Uranium Oxide) Notes A colorant which can be used in amounts to 15% to achieve or modify yellows, reds, and oranges. Although this form of uranium is said to be less radioactive, the use of any form of uranium is considered dangerous…
• UO2UO2 Data Frit Softening Point 2840C (From The Oxide Handbook) Got a Question? https://digitalfire.com
• V2O5 (Vanadium Pentoxide)V2O5 (Vanadium Pentoxide) Data Frit Softening Point 670-685C Notes An acidic metallic oxide which produces yellow coloration in amounts to 10%. Its color in generally weak, but can be strengthened when fritted with tin and zirconia .…
• WO3WO 3 Got a Question? https://digitalfire.com
• Y2O3 (Yttrium Oxide)Y2O 3 (Yttrium Oxide) Data Frit Softening Point 2435C (From The Oxide Handbook. We also have a figure of 2585?) Notes -Used in electrical conducting ceramics , refractories, insulators, glass, and stains . -Used with Sc, La, Cs oxides in…
• Yb2O3Yb2O 3 Data Frit Softening Point 2420C (From The Oxide Handbook) Got a Question? https://digitalfire.com
• ZnO (Zinc Oxide)ZnO (Zinc Oxide) Data Co-efficient of Linear Expansion 0.094 Frit Softening Point 1800C (From The Oxide Handbook) Notes -Together with PbO it is considered one of the metallic oxide fluxes. In small amounts, zinc helps in the development…
• ZrO (Zirconium Oxide, Zirconia)ZrO (Zirconium Oxide, Zirconia) Data Co-efficient of Linear Expansion 0.020 Notes Zirconia has an inversion with an associated 3% expansion/contraction. Ceramic Oxide Periodic Table Pretty well all common traditional ceramic base glazes…
• ZrO2 (Zirconium Dioxide)ZrO2 (Zirconium Dioxide) Data Co-efficient of Linear Expansion 0.020 Frit Softening Point 2700C Notes Zirconium oxide is extremely refractory , even more so than alumina. Although a variety of figures are quoted, around 2700C (it is…